Lending Operations & Risk Management - Stage-II
ISQ Examination (Summer-2007)


Q.1 Please write the alphabate of selected choice in the answer column: (25)
i

The credit conditions are usually most stringent in the ___________ phase of an economic cycle.

A)    Recovery      B)    Boom     C)      Recession     D)     Depression      E)      None of the above

ii

Which of the following is a type of credit risk?

A)      liquidity risk           B)        interest rate risk
C)      settlement risk       D)        operational risk            E)        None of the above

iii

The real interest rate (lending rate) earned by a lender is equal to nominal interest rate ___________ prevailing inflation rate.

A)    plus    B)    minus    C)    which is the same as    D)    Divide     E)    None of the above

iv

When the government borrowing increases, the overall interest rates in the economy increase thus leading to rise in cost of credit for the private sector. This phenomenon is called _______________.

A)    Crowding-in    B)    Crowding-out    C)    Creeping-in    D)    Creeping-out     E)    None of the above

v

The Annual Credit Plan of Pakistan envisages a credit growth of ____________ during the financial year ending June 2007.

A)    Rs 100 billion    B) Rs 240 billion     C) Rs 390 billion    D) Rs 500 billion    E) None of the above

vi

According to the SBP the highest percentage growth in any sector of Pakistan’s economy at 96.8% was observed in the ____________ sector during the financial year 2006. Therefore, financing for capacity expansion is justified.

A) Fertilizer     B) Cement     C) Commerce & Trade     D) Personal loans     E) None of the above

vii

During the financial year 2006 the credit off-take to consumer financing increased by around _________ as compared to much high growth in the preceding year.

A)    24%      B)    42%      C)    100%      D)    200%      E)     None of the above

viii

Presently, the maximum tenor of Karachi InterBank Offered Rate (KIBOR) is _________.

A) 6 months       B) 1 year       C) 3 years       D) 10 years      E) None of the above

ix

One of the following is NOT a type of market risk:

A)     interest rate risk     B)   commodity price risk      C) foreign exchange risk
D)     country risk           E)    None of the above

x

Credit risk is the risk of ___________ loss from the failure of a counterparty to fulfill its contractual obligations.

A)    accounting     B) economic      C) financial      D) Event        E) None of the above

xi

The process of parceling out the total risk to various asset classes is called risk __________.

A) balancing      B) rebalancing      C) budgeting       D) None of the above

xii

According to the Basel Accord each bank is required to maintain capital at least __________ of its risk weighted assets.

A) 5%          B) 8%          C) 50%           D) 80%        E) None of the above

xiii

Credit spread is _____________ correlated with economic growth.

A) not at all       B) positively       C) marginally       D) Negatively        E) None of the above

xiv

A loan becomes non-performing when it is overdue by _______ days(s).

A) 01          B) 07           C) 90            D) 365               E) None of the above

xv

All of the following can be accomplished through the use of credit derivative except:

A)      Leveraging the credit risk
B)      Reduction of credit concentration risk
C)      Investing in corporate loans
D)      Preventing bankruptcy of a loan counterparty
E)       None of the above

xvi

Under the scenario of declining interest rates in an economy the net interest income of a bank _____________ when it’s rate-sensitive assets are more than rate-sensitive liabilities.

A)        increases         B)       decreases                C)         remains same
D)        can take any direction          E)       None of the above

xvii

By the end of year 2006 (CY-06) the total number of loan accounts was around _______ per 1,000 people in Pakistan.

A) 06         B) 30          C) 60         D) 300            E) None of the above

xviii

The loans categorized under micro-financing have usually maximum per-exposure limit of Rupees ________________.

A) 10,000.00      B) 100,000.00     C) 500,000.00     D) 1,000,000.00     E) None of the above

xix

The credit exposure includes current exposure as well as _______ exposure.

A) risk         B) potential          C) risk-free          D) no other          E) None of the above

xx

Portfolio _______________ occurs when the risk assets portfolio is perfectly hedged against the value of liabilities.

A) immunization         B) multiplication           C) matching         D) none of the above

xxi

The credit rating of an obligor is ____________ related to his/her probability of default.

A) exponentially        B) directly        C) inversely       D) not at all            E) None of the above

xxii

The liquidity position of the banking system is usually ________ when the interest rates are low.

A)   low          B)   high           C)   not measurable            D)    none of the above

xxiii
The process to measure the changes in the value of a credit portfolio for shocks of various degrees to different independent risk factors is called ________________.

A)        Risk rating               B) Back testing                   C) Credit Value-at-Risk (CVaR)
D)        Stress testing            E) None of the above
xxiv

The maximum debt-equity ratio allowed in case of seasonal financing to borrowers, for a maximum period of six months, can be:

A) 40:60           B) 60:40          C) 80:20              D) 89:11              E) None of the above

xxv

Assuming all borrowers have same credit rating and belong to the same economic sector, which loan among the following is most risky?

A)       Clean loan of Rs 0.5 million                           B) Rs 0.5 million with 40% recovery rate
C)       Rs 1.0 million with 60% recovery rate           D) Rs 1.0 million with 80% recovery rate
E)        None of the above


Q.2 State True or False in the answer column. Give brief reason for your selection at the space provided below the question: (10)
i
The expected credit loss that represents an average credit loss must be measured and factored in credit pricing.
ii
The recovery rates (of bad loans) tend to be higher when the economy is in recession phase.
iii
A realizable security cannot be easily sold to adjust for overdue loan.
iv
Under pledge, both the title and possession of security rest with the borrower.
v
In case a borrower is not willing to repay the loan it is an example of market risk.
vi
Credit default swap provides insurance coverage to the counterparty and hence it acts as an effective hedging tool for credit risk management.
vii
Duration of a loan portfolio is measured to assess its credit risk.
viii
A Credit Analyst should recommend a loan when its internal rate of return (IRR) is below the hurdle rate.
ix
When a bank approves credit limit to a borrower and the borrower avails the loan partially yet the un-drawn loan commitment is on-balance sheet activity of the bank.
x
The Forced Sale Value (FSV) is that amount which would be recovered in all cases in case the borrower defaults.

Q.3 (A) What do the following commonly used abbreviations stand for? (05)
i
FCEF  
ii
SPV  
iii
TFC  
iv
MBS  
v
CFS  

Q.3 (B) The Value-at-Risk (VaR) is increasingly becoming a common measure for risk. What is meant by VaR? (05)

Q.3 (C) What are the Investment Type of Non-Interest Bearing Modes of Financing. Give the salient features of each finance. (05)

Q.4 Prudent credit risk management warrants that the flow of non-performing loans (NPLs) should be minimized so that the bank earns maximum profitability and maximizes stakeholder’s value. What measures would you recommend in this regard? (10)

Q.5 What is consumer financing? What are the various products that fall under this type of financing? Why would you recommend (or not recommend) your bank to diversify into this type of financing? (10)

Q.6 What is an Internal Risk rating systems what are its prerequisites and uses elaborate? (10)

Q.7 What is the rationale for loan loss provisioning does it cover expected or unexpected losses? How does credit risk mitigation affect the provisioning? Please Explain. (10)

Q.8 State Bank of Pakistan vide its circular letter of March 26, 2007 provided revised definition of the Sub-Ordinated Loan, which is reproduced hereunder: (10)
 

“Subordinated Loan means an unsecured loan, extended to the borrower for a minimum original maturity period of 5 years, subordinate to the claim of the bank / DFI taking exposure on the borrower, and documented by a formal sub-ordination agreement between provider of the loan and the bank / DFI. The loan shall be disclosed in the annual audited financial statements of the borrower as subordinated loan”.

Prepare an internal note explaining the above definition through on example.