MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING FOR THE FINANCIAL SERVICES
Objectives
Management accountancy is an effective tool for achieving organizational excellence. The use of management accounting in improving the management and operational aspects of an organization has presently become a widely accepted business practice. As it gains popularity worldwide, Pakistani banks too need to adopt and practice these concepts in their drive towards attaining world class status. The benefits of Management Accountancy for a bank would be two pronged:
1. The Overall Course Objective(s):
The subject is designed to equip the students to explore the nature and use of Management Accounting as a tool for strengthening the process of decision-making in their organizations. The successful completion of this course should enable them to:
a) Understand the concepts of Management Accounting:
b) Undertake analysis, using appropriate Management Accounting concepts, in formulation of business proposals;
c) Apply those concepts and techniques to make the process of decision making more effective;
d) Formulate plans for achieving efficiency and effectiveness in the operations of their organizations.
2. Curriculum:
2.1 Conceptual Understanding:
1. Introduction to Management Accounting
a. The scope and purpose of management accounting
b. The role of Management Accounting in Management process
c. Application of IT in management accounting
d. Application of Management Accounting in service organizations
2. Cost Concepts, Classification and Behaviours
a. Cost concepts
b. Classification of costs: including manufacturing & non-manufacturing costs, period and product cots, controllable and non-controllable costs, sunk cost, differential cost, committed cost, opportunity cost; fixed, variable and semi-variable costs.
c. Estimation of cost behaviours: types of cost behaviour patterns, variable costs, semi-variable costs and relevant range, fixed costs and relevant range, mixed cost and its analysis.
3. Cost Accumulation and Determination
a. Cost accounting cycle
b. Accounting and control procedures for raw materials, labour and overhead
c. Job order costing Vs Process costing
d. Joint product costing
e. Absorption and marginal costing
f. Activity Based costing
4. Management Planning: Budget Process
a. Budget theory
b. Budget preparation
c. Cost estimation and estimation techniques
d. Fixed and Flexible budgeting
e. Reporting of actual against budget
5. Control System and Evaluation of Managerial Performance
a. Use of budget for performance evaluation
b. Principles of standard costing
c. Preparation of standard costs
d. Variance analysis and investigation
e. Cost, profit and investment centre
f. Transfer pricing issues
g. Responsibility accounting, risk sharing and agency problems
h. Gross profit analysis
i. System development-design, confidentiality, exception reporting
6. Use of Information in Decision Making
a. Cost-volume-profit analysis
b. Contribution concept
c. Operating and financial leverage
d. Breakeven point, profit target, margin of safety
e. Limiting factor analysis
7. Capital Budgeting
a. Introduction
b. Planning for capital expenditure
c. Cost of capital
d. Evaluation techniques: DCF, NPV comparison, and other models
e. Sensitivity analysis and assessment of risks in DCF model
f. Impact of tax and inflation
2.2 Operational Areas:
The management accounting techniques and procedures could be helpful in every area of the bank’s operations, ranging from strategic planning to routine operational decision-making. The major areas and decision scenarios where the students should be able to apply the concepts and techniques of Management Accounting include:
1. Management accounting in banks: a tool for augmenting planning and control processes.
2. Nature of costs in the bank, their behaviours and estimation.
3. Cost accumulation in the bank; identification with respective cost driers, activity based costing; cost, profit and investment centres and issues of transfer pricing.
4. Budgeting in banks: cost budgets and performance targets, comparison of actual with budget, analysis of variances.
5. Use of budget as cost control and performance evaluation tool, standard costing, behavioral issues and responsibility accounting.
6. Relevant cost concepts in decision making; profit targets; joint services; decision on developing and operating a service/product vs. outsourcing, decision on dropping a product/service line and securing a profitable product/service mix in the face of limited resources.
7. Evaluation of investment projects, cost of capital, evaluation techniques, sensitivity analysis, leasing vs. investment decision, impact of tax and inflation on investment decisions.
8. Risk management in banks: use of management accounting techniques and procedures in different components of risk management processes.
9. Credit appraisal, project appraisal and monitoring: use of management accounting in evaluating the financial health of borrowers.
10. Analyzing financial statements of a bank.
11. Pricing of loan and other financial products.
12. Deposit mix
13. Concentration risk
14. Cash FlowA
15. Time Value of Money
16. Asset Liability Management
Reading material recommended
1. Pakistan, Institute of Bankers Management Accounting for the Financial
Services
2. Pakistan, Institute of Bankers Financial Management
2. Adloph Matz & Usry F. Milton Cost Accounting – Planning & Control
South-western Publishing Co.
SUPPLEMENTARY READINGS
1. Pakistan, Institute of Bankers Development of Corporate Bond Market in
Pakistan: Challenges and Prospects
2. Pakistan, Institute of Bankers Field Management in Banks
3. Pakistan, Institute of Bankers Privatization and Financial Deregulation in
Pakistan
4. Pakistan, Institute of Bankers Selected Essays on Banking & Finance
5. Roger Cowe Royal Handbook of Managing Accounting
Gower Publishing Co. Ltd.
6. Gordon Fraser Decision Accounting
Basil Blackwell Oxford & Cambridge MA
7. Keller Management Accounting for Profit Control
Mc Graw Hill Accounting Services
8. Sinkey, Joseph F. Commercial Bank Financial Management
9. Bagchi S.K. Treasury Risk Management
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